
市場上空氣凈化器種類多,凈化技術更是五花八門。本篇旨在總結和歸納市面上空氣凈化技術,便于使用者了解每項凈化技術的優缺點,根據需要合理選擇。
針對對象污染物的不同,我們選擇運用的空氣凈化技術也不盡相同,需要對癥下藥。同時,多個研究表明,往往復合型過濾技術的使用有助于用于去除顆粒物的空氣凈化技術,目前兩大主流是濾網過濾(纖維介質)和靜電/電離除塵。
(*詳見后篇,關于空氣凈化器有效驗證介紹篇幅)
|
~空氣凈化技術綜述~
*點擊圖片可跳轉鏈接查看詳情
|
通過纖維介質的過濾材料來捕獲顆粒物是最普遍也是最經濟有效的顆粒物去除方式。
其去除效率取決于許多參數,包括顆粒大小、面速度、過濾器厚度、過濾器孔隙率、過濾器纖維直徑、粉塵加載條件,以及制造商是否對纖維介質進行了后加工處理,使其最初在纖維上具有靜電荷(熔噴駐極技術)。
纖維介質的過濾技術沒有副產物,最為安全可靠,但是纖維介質會隨被使用時間,導致捕獲效果發生變化(1)(2)(3)(4)(帶靜電荷材料隨著粉塵負荷過濾效率往往會下降,而非靜電荷材料效率隨著孔隙被粉塵阻塞效率不斷上升同時,材料風阻變大,設備能耗增加),所以,遵循制造商建議定期更換過濾耗材非常重要。
靜電除塵和電離除塵都是通過電力駐極過程使粒子帶靜電,然后這些粒子被吸引到帶相反電荷的板或其他室內表面上,以去除空氣中的粒子。
靜電除塵不需要更換耗材,但是如果收集板累積滿顆粒時,過濾效率會降低(5/6/7),所以及時需要用戶清洗維護;電離除塵不使用風扇,通常CADR數值較低(8),且塵埃會沉積在室內墻壁和家具上(9),有重新懸浮的風險(10/11/12)。同時我們需要認識到顆粒駐極過程會增加呼吸道顆粒沉積(13/14)風險,以及駐極過程產生的副產品——臭氧需要被考慮且妥善處理(15/08/16)。
僅為去除顆粒而設計的空氣凈化裝置無法控制氣體和某些氣味。用于去除氣體的空氣凈化技術,我們需要專門氣體過濾技術。氣體過濾空氣凈化技術是通過物理和化學過程的結合來去除氣體或將氣體轉化為(理想的)無害的副產品。氣相空氣凈化技術包括吸附介質空氣過濾,PCO、等離子體和臭氧發生技術。吸附介質是由氣體或蒸汽分子對表面的物理吸引力引起的。常見的固體吸附劑包括活性炭,活性氧化鋁,硅膠,沸石等。這些吸附劑憑借表面積大,成本低,穩定性高等特點被廣泛應用,同時通常固體吸附劑存在兩大特點。
第一,其容量都是有限的,固體吸附劑數量越大吸附能力越長,不經常維護則會發生二次異味(飽和后釋放)(17)。
第二,對不同氣體,吸附效率不一樣(18),且 針對某些特定氣體基本沒有吸附作用,可以通過將固體吸附劑進行浸漬和噴淋化學藥劑(改性),使其發生化學吸附。
這些浸漬物與氣體發生反應,形成穩定的化合物,這些化合物以有機或無機鹽的形式與介質結合,或被分解并以二氧化碳、水蒸氣或其他吸附劑更容易吸附的某些物質的形式釋放到空氣中。
光催化氧化PCO 空氣凈化使用涂有二氧化鈦等催化劑的高表面積介質來吸附氣態污染物(19/20/21/22)其作用機理是通過紫外光照射下發生光化學反應在介質面形成羥基自由基,從而氧化吸附在催化劑表面額氣態污染物,從而轉化為CO2和水。PCO有用性取決于催化劑的用量,氣體污染物與催化劑之間的接觸時間,以及傳遞到催化劑表面的UV光量。同時,PCO會產出兩大副產品值得我們關注。一是不完全反應產生的有害副產品;二是UV發生裝置產生的臭氧(23/24/25/26/27/28)。針對PCO技術的有效性和副產品等課題后期將繼續推文詳細介紹。等離子空氣凈化器施加高壓放電使進入的氣體電離,打破它們的化學鍵,并對它們進行化學改變(29)。根據受控實驗測試表明,等離子空氣凈化對某些氣體和顆粒都有很高的去除效率,還能殺死或者失活空氣中的微生物。直接排放到空中的等離子體含有羥基自由基,超氧化合物和過氧化氫以及臭氧。等額離子技術還會產生其他有害副產品,如一氧化碳和甲醛,(30/31)因此該技術的需要正確使用是重要課題。針對等離子技術有效性和副產品等課題后期將繼續推文詳細介紹。臭氧技術常被用來設計用于控制氣味,與化學污染物發生反應后轉化為其他無害化合物,殺死或實生物污染物失活。但遵循EPA以及多個研究表明,臭氧本身是一種強烈肺部刺激物,且其化學反應會產生還有副產品(32/33/34)。臭氧發生濃度低于公共衛生標準,則無法發揮去除空氣污染物能力,及時如此其也會與其他室內污染物發生化學反應產生副產物,影響人體健康同時對建筑材料,家具或電線產生不良影響(35/36/37/38/39)。
因此,本平臺不建議也不推薦在生活區使用臭氧過濾技術以及相關產品。針對臭氧技術有效性和副產品等課題后期將繼續推文詳細介紹。
關于放射性氣體氡的去除,EPA機構建議通過源頭控制最為有效,且不建議和推薦通過使用空氣凈化設備進行氡氣去除(40)。
針對氡氣凈化后期將繼續推文詳細介紹。關于微生物凈化目前比較普遍的是使用紫外線殺菌照射(UVGI)UVGI 空氣凈化設備設計用于使用 UV 燈殺死或滅活微生物,如病毒、細菌和真菌孢子和碎片,這些微生物是空氣傳播的或生長在設備表面上。UV殺菌作用被證明(41)且足夠UV照射可以透微生物細胞的外部結構并改變其 DNA,阻止復制并導致細胞死亡。某些細菌和霉菌孢子對UV抵抗力高,則需要暴露更長時間。UV照射時長(是分鐘和小時量級的)是UV凈化有效性的關鍵。相關實驗結果表明,如果微生物在過濾介質、系統裂縫、多孔隔熱材料或吸聲纖維材料內增殖,UV 輻射對殺死微生物是無效的(42)。同時,對石油來源的纖維過濾介質而言,UV照射對其性能有著致命負面影響。當然,我們必須清楚UV設備產容易產生臭氧,需要進行相關防護(Morrison et al. 2014)。針對UVGI技術后期將繼續推文詳細介紹。
|
參考文獻:
(1)Hanley JT, Ensor DS, Smith DD, Sparks LE. 1994. Fractional aerosol filtration efficiency of in-duct ventilation air cleaners. Indoor Air 4:169–178.
(2)Hanley JT, Owen MK. 2003. Develop a New Loading Dust and Dust Loading Procedures for the ASHRAE Filter Test Standards 52.1 and 52.2 (1190-RP). Atlanta, GA: ASHRAE
(3)Owen K, Pope R, Hanley J. 2013. How do pressure drop, efficiency, weight gain, and loaded dust composition change throughout filter lifetime (1360-RP)? ASHRAE Transactions 120(1):366–381.
(4)U.S. EPA. 2008. Development of Performance Data for Common Building Air Cleaning Devices: Final Report. EPA/600/R-08/013. December. Research Triangle Park, NC: EPA, Office of Research and Development, National Homeland Security Research Center.
(5)Morawska L, Agranovski V, Ristovski Z, Jamriska M. 2002. Effect of face velocity and thenature of aerosol on the collection of submicrometer particles by electrostatic precipitator.Indoor Air 12:129–137. doi:10.1034/j.1600-0668.2002.09136.x
(6)Howard-Reed C, Nabinger SJ, Emmerich SJ. 2008. Characterizing gaseous air cleaner performance in the field. Building and Environment 43:368–377.
(7)Wallace L, Emmerich SJ, Howard-Reed C. 2004. Effect of central fans and in-duct filters on deposition rates of ultrafine and fine particles in an occupied townhouse. Atmospheric Environment 38:405–413. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2003.10.003
(8)Waring MS, Siegel JA, Corsi RL. 2008. Ultrafine particle removal and generation by portable air cleaners. Atmospheric Environment 42(20):5003–5014.
(9)Melandari C, Tarrani G, Prodi V, De Zaiacomo T, Formignani M, Lombardi, CC. 1983. Deposition of charged particles in the human airways. Journal of Aerosol Science 14:184–186.
(10)Offermann FJ, Sextro RG, Fisk WJ, Grimsrud DT, Nazaroff WW, Nero AV, Revzan KL, Yater J. 1985. Control of respirable particles in indoor air with portable air cleaners. Atmospheric Environment 19(11):1761–1771.
(11)Ferro AR, Kopperud RJ, Hildemann LM. 2004. Source strengths for indoor human activities that resuspend particulate matter. Environmental Science & Technology 38(6):1759-1764.
(12)Qian J, Ferro AR. 2008. Resuspension of dust particles in a chamber and associated environmental factors. Aerosol Science and Technology 42(7):566–578.
(13)Melandari C, Tarrani G, Prodi V, De Zaiacomo T, Formignani M, Lombardi, CC. 1983. Deposition of charged particles in the human airways. Journal of Aerosol Science 14:184–186.
(14)Offermann FJ, Sextro RG, Fisk WJ, Grimsrud DT, Nazaroff WW, Nero AV, Revzan KL, Yater J. 1985. Control of respirable particles in indoor air with portable air cleaners. Atmospheric Environment 19(11):1761–1771.
(15)Consumers Union. 2005. New concerns about ionizing air cleaners. Consumer Reports 70(5;May):22–25.
(16)Jakober C, Phillips T. 2008. Evaluation of Ozone Emissions From Portable Indoor Air Cleaners: Electrostatic Precipitators and Ionizers. Staff Technical Report. Sacramento, CA: California Air Resources Board.
(17)Ramanathan K, Debler VL, Kosusko M, Sparks LE. 1988. Evaluation of control strategies for volatile organic compounds in indoor air. Environmental Progress 7(4):230–235.
(18)Kim H-J, Han B, Kim Y-J, Yoon Y-H, Oda T. 2012. Efficient test method for evaluating gas removal performance of room air cleaners using FTIR measurement and CADR calculation. Building and Environment 47:385–393.
(19)Huang Y, Ho S, Lu Y, Niu R, Xu L, Cao J, Lee S. 2016. Removal of indoor volatile organic compounds via photocatalytic oxidation: A short review and prospect. Molecules 21(1):56, 20 pp. doi:10.3390/molecules21010056
(20)Mo J, Zhang Y, Xu Q, Lamson JJ, Zhao R. 2009. Photocatalytic purification of volatile organic compounds in indoor air: A literature review. Atmospheric Environment 43:2229–2246.(21)Wang S, Ang HM, Tade MO. 2007. Volatile organic compounds in indoor environment and photocatalytic oxidation: State of the art. Environment International 33(5):694–705.
(22)Zhong L, Haghighat F. 2015. Photocatalytic air cleaners and materials technologies—Abilities and limitations. Building and Environment 91:191–203.
(23)Henschel B. 1998. Cost analysis of activated carbon versus photocatalytic oxidation for removing organic compounds from indoor air. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association 48(10):985–994.
(24) Tompkins DT, Lawnicki BJ, Zeltner WA, Anderson MA. 2005a. Evaluation of photocatalysis for gasphase air cleaning—Part 1: Process, technical and sizing considerations (RP-1134). ASHRAE Transactions 111(Pt. 2):60–84.
(25)Tompkins DT, Lawnicki BJ, Zeltner WA, Anderson MA. 2005b. Evaluation of photocatalysis for gas-phase air cleaning—Part 2: Economics and utilization (RP-1134). ASHRAE Transactions 111(Pt. 2):85–95.
(26)Turchi CS, Rabago R, Jassal A. 1995. Destruction of Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) Emissions by Photocatalytic Oxidation (PCO): Benchscale Test Results and Cost Analysis. Technology Transfer #95082935A-ENG. Austin, TX: SEMATECH Technology Transfer.
(27) Zorn ME. 2003. Photocatalytic oxidation of gas-phase compounds in confined areas: investigation of multiple components systems. Proceedings of the 13th Annual Wisconsin Space Conference, Green Bay, WI, August 14–15.
(28) Chen W, Zhang J, Zhang Z. 2005. Performance of air cleaners for removing multiple volatile organic compounds in indoor air. ASHRAE Transactions 111:1101–1114.
(29)Bahri M, Haghighat F. 2014. Plasma-based indoor air cleaning technologies: The state of the art-review. CLEAN: Soil Air Water 42:1667–1680.
(30)Chen HL, Lee HM, Chen SH, Chang MB, Yu SJ, Li SN. 2009. Removal of volatile organic compounds by single-stage and two-stage plasma catalysis systems: A review of the performance enhancement mechanisms, current status, and suitable applications. Environmental Science & Technology 43:2216–2227.
(31)Van Durme J, Dewulf J, Demeestere K, Leys C, Van Langenhove H. 2009. Post-plasma catalytic technology for the removal of toluene from indoor air: Effect of humidity. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental 87:78–83.
(32)Shaughnessy RJ, Sextro RG. 2006. What is an effective portable air-cleaning device? A review. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene 3:169–181.
(33)U.S. EPA. 2014. Ozone Generators that are Sold as Air Cleaners: An Assessment of Effectiveness and Health Consequences. August. Cincinnati, OH: EPA National Center for Environmental Publications.
(34)Weschler CJ. 2006. Ozone’s impact on public health: Contributions from indoor exposures to ozone and products of ozone-initiated chemistry. Environmental Health Perspectives 114(100):1489–1496.
(35)Destaillats H, Lunden MM, Singer BC, Coleman BK, Hodgson AT, Weschler CJ, Nazaroff WW. 2006. Indoor secondary pollutants from household product emissions in the presence of ozone: A bench-scale chamber study. Environmental Science & Technology 40(14):4421–8.
(36) Sarwar G, Corsi R, Allen D, Weschler C. 2003. The significance of secondary organic aerosol formation and growth in buildings: Experimental and computational evidence. Atmospheric Environment 37(9–10):1365–81.
(37) Waring MS. 2014. Secondary organic aerosol in residences: Predicting its fraction of fine particle mass and determinants of formation strength. Indoor Air 24:376–89.
(38) Weschler CJ. 2000. Ozone in indoor environments: Concentration and chemistry. Indoor Air 10(4):269–88.
(39)Weschler CJ, Shields HC. 1999. Indoor ozone/terpene reactions as a source of indoor particles. Atmospheric Environment 33(15):2301–12.
(40)RESIDENTIAL AIR CLEANERSA Technical Summary EPA 402-F-09-002 | July 2018 | EPA Indoor Environments Division | www.epa.gov/iaq
(41)VanOsdell D, Foarde K. 2002. Defining the Effectiveness of UV Lamps Installed in Circulating Air Ductwork. ARTI- 21CR/610-40030-01. Research Triangle Park, NC: RTI International (for the AirConditioning and Refrigeration Technology Institute).
(42)Kowalski WJ, Bahnfleth W. 2000. UVGI design basics for air and surface disinfection. Heating, Piping, and Air Conditioning 7(1):100–110.
|
* 申明:網站內文章內容不對任何品牌產品的優良進行評判。